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Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer type diagnosed in the United States. Early detection through proper screening can significantly improve treatment outcomes and survival rates. Understanding the fundamentals of this condition, including risk factors and symptoms, helps patients make informed decisions about their health and screening schedules.
What Is Colorectal Cancer?
Colorectal cancer develops in the colon or rectum, which together form the large intestine. This type of cancer typically begins as small, benign clumps of cells called polyps, which can develop into cancerous tumors over time. The colon processes waste from digested food, while the rectum stores waste until it is eliminated from the body.
This cancer may start with adenomatous polyps on the inner lining of the colon or rectum. These polyps may remain benign for years before transforming into malignant tumors. The transformation process varies among individuals, which explains why regular screening becomes necessary for early detection.
What Are the Risk Factors?
Age is a significant risk factor for this cancer, with most cases occurring in people aged 50 and older. A family history of colorectal cancer or adenomatous polyps increases an individual’s likelihood of developing the condition. Genetic syndromes such as familial adenomatous polyposis and Lynch syndrome also elevate risk levels.
Lifestyle factors contribute to the development of this cancer. Diets high in red and processed meats, combined with low fiber intake, may increase risk. Smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and obesity create additional risk factors that patients can modify through lifestyle changes. Medical conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease, including Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, also increase colorectal cancer risk.
What Are the Symptoms?
Early-stage colorectal cancer often produces no noticeable symptoms, which underscores the value of regular screening. When symptoms do appear, they may include persistent changes in bowel habits, such as diarrhea, constipation, or changes in stool consistency. Blood in the stool, whether bright red or dark, represents another warning sign.
Abdominal discomfort, including cramping, gas, or pain, may indicate the development of this cancer. Unexplained weight loss and persistent fatigue can accompany advancing stages of the disease. Rectal bleeding, narrow stools, and persistent abdominal bloating warrant medical evaluation. These symptoms can result from various conditions, but a gastroenterologist can determine the underlying cause through appropriate diagnostic procedures.
What Does Screening Involve?
Colonoscopy is the standard for colorectal cancer screenings. This procedure enables gastroenterologists to visually inspect the entire colon and rectum using a flexible tube equipped with a camera. During the examination, physicians can remove polyps and collect tissue samples for laboratory analysis.
Preparation for a colonoscopy involves adhering to dietary restrictions and taking bowel preparation medications to clear the intestines. The procedure typically takes 30 minutes and requires sedation for patient comfort. Patients may be able to resume normal activities soon after the examination.
See a Gastroenterologist Now
Regular screening enables gastroenterologists to identify and remove precancerous polyps before they develop into malignant tumors. Understanding your risk factors and recognizing potential symptoms allows proactive management of your healthcare. Gastroenterologists can assess your risk profile and recommend appropriate screening schedules based on your medical history and family background. Schedule a consultation with a gastroenterologist to discuss your screening options and develop a personalized prevention strategy.
